Wykorzystanie szczegółowego zdjęcia geochemicznego do celów planowania przestrzennego i rolnictwa

Abstract

As a geochemical anomaly on regional scale, Upper Silesia takes an exceptional position in geochemical image of Poland. Due to its most characteristic assemblage of elements (Pb-Zn-Cd), this anomaly is strongly marked in surficial environments, i.e. soils, water sediments and surface waters (Lis & Pasieczna, 1995a, b) and is the effect of natural and anthropogenic factors. Outcropping ore-bearing dolomites and the occurrence of respective zinc-lead deposits are the main natural factors contributing to the origin of this anomaly. Dolomites and the ore deposits are the reason that a geochemical anomalies develops in the surficial environments; these natural processes are overlapped by anthropogenic factors connected with extraction and treatment of ores and smelting industry as well. In order to recognise the character and the extent of the anomaly on a detailed way, the first sheet (Sław~ów) of the Detailed Geochemical Map of Upper Silesia 1 : 25,000, was mapped. Results ojthis survey may be utilised in the land-use planning as well as applied for assessment of the degree of pollution affecting soils under cultivation, etc. The geochemical mapping covered the area of 82 km 2 ; a sampling grid was based on regular 250 x 250 m pattern (16 points in 1 km2). Sampling points totalled 1,393. After leaching the samples with aqua regia, determinations of elements contents were made. This dealt with Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F e, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sr, Ti, V and Zn; the ICP-AES and CV-AAS methods were employed, with the later used for determination of Hg content only. Distribution of elements in soils are presented on mono-elements' ma ps. The maps were produced using the SURFER programme along with the method of inverse distance and presented using the isolines on the bas e map. The following elements are characteristic for the geological substratum within the Sławków map sheet area: aluminium, barium, calcium, cobalt, chromium, iron, magnesium, nickel, strontium. titanium and vanadium. Elements such as cadmium, zinc, lead (Fig. 1), silver, arsenic, copper, mercury, manganese and sulphur are closely connected with the zinc-Iead ore-bearing formation and the mining and smelting activities. Factors recommended by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (IUNG) in Puławy (Kabata-Pendias et al., 1995) were applied to assess the degree of pollution of cultivated soils in surveyed area. They are used to classify soils among classes O through V (Fig. 2). Class O is assigned to unpolluted soils with heavy metals contents in the limits of their natural background. Soil classes O-III can be utilised by agriculture. Classes IV and Vare assigned as polluted soils that should be excluded from agricultural use. Degree of pollution of soils with metals (mostly with cadmium, lead and zinc, and to a lesser degree with arsenic and copper) is considerably high in the Sławków area. Polluted soils - those corresponding to classes III and upper (according to IUNGs classification) due to excessive pollution with lead - occupy as much as 49.4% of the map sheet area. A list of permissible concentrations of heavy metals, recommended by the Institute of Hygiene in Ruhr (Eikmann & Kloke, 1991) was applied to assess the suitability of soils for agriculture and gardening and for the land-use planning needs (plying grounds for children, sport fields, allotment gardens, industrial plants). An attempt aimed at assessing the suitability of soils for the purpose of the land-use planning - using the lead content as a criterion - is presented in Fig. 3.