A mixed assemblage of deep-sea and shelf trace fossils from the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian) Kamchia Formation in the Troyan region, central Fore-Balkan, Bulgaria
Abstract
Mieszany zespół głębokomorskich i szelfowych skamieniałości śladowych w dolnokredowej (walanżyn) formacji Kamczija w rejonie Trojanu, Centralny Prebałkan, Bułgaria
Trace fossils collected from the best outcrop of the Kamchia Formation have been analysed. There are thirteen ichnotaxa (Curvolithus simplex, Gyrochorte isp., IHelminthoidichnites tenuis, Multina minima [second occurrence], Palaeophycus tubularis, IPalaeophycus isp., Phycodes bilix, Phycosiphon incertum, Planolites cf. reinecki, Spongeliomorpha Ichevronensis, Squamodictyon tectiforme, Thalassinoides suevicus, Zoophycos isp.) representing different ethologic, toponomic and preservational types, and produced at different depths in the sediment. The ichnoassemblage contains a mixture of forms typical of flysch (Squamodictyon) and shelf deposits (Cun’olithus, Gyrochorte). Probably, sediments of the Kamchia Formation were deposited in an offshore or deeper basin with storm deposition of sand beds and background marly sedimentation. It is possible that storm currents transported trace makers of the shelf trace fossils to the deeper sea. It is not excluded that the trace maker of Gyrochorte migrated to the deep-sea after the Jurassic. However, the simplest explanation is that the Kamchia ichnofauna represents an ecological transition between shelf and slope communities.
Trace fossils collected from the best outcrop of the Kamchia Formation have been analysed. There are thirteen ichnotaxa (Curvolithus simplex, Gyrochorte isp., IHelminthoidichnites tenuis, Multina minima [second occurrence], Palaeophycus tubularis, IPalaeophycus isp., Phycodes bilix, Phycosiphon incertum, Planolites cf. reinecki, Spongeliomorpha Ichevronensis, Squamodictyon tectiforme, Thalassinoides suevicus, Zoophycos isp.) representing different ethologic, toponomic and preservational types, and produced at different depths in the sediment. The ichnoassemblage contains a mixture of forms typical of flysch (Squamodictyon) and shelf deposits (Cun’olithus, Gyrochorte). Probably, sediments of the Kamchia Formation were deposited in an offshore or deeper basin with storm deposition of sand beds and background marly sedimentation. It is possible that storm currents transported trace makers of the shelf trace fossils to the deeper sea. It is not excluded that the trace maker of Gyrochorte migrated to the deep-sea after the Jurassic. However, the simplest explanation is that the Kamchia ichnofauna represents an ecological transition between shelf and slope communities.